Design by T. Menozzi
Monday, January 16, 2012
Ceramic Lamps
This ceramic lamps design ideas bring you modern lighting products with a unique personality. This lamp design made by hands with special combination of heating procedures, colors, and material technique. Ceramic mixed to crystalline and enamel materials with application of color lacquers for a style definition. Exclusively hand made and hand finished in Italy through a process of casting, drying and firing through a new technique developed only by this designer.
Design by T. Menozzi
Design by T. Menozzi
Pouring Light
This is the case with the Pouring Light Lamp, a design inspired by a spilling cup of tea (it even has the tea bag inside for an extra lifelike effect). Even though it seems strange, this product can be moved around by grabbing the pouring liquid, it is sustained by spilled tea and it lights up with the help of a tea bag. Moreover, it has an impeccable design and can be easily integrated in almost any type of modern interior.
Design by Yeongwoo Kim.
Design by Yeongwoo Kim.
WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment)
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) aims to minimize the impact of electrical and electronic goods on the environment, by increasing re-use and recycling and reducing the amount of WEEE going to landfill. It seeks a achieve this by making producers responsible for financing the collection, treatment and recovery of waste electrical equipment and by obliging distributors to allow consumers to return their waste equipment free of charge.
Watt-Miser™
A Watt-Miser™ lamp is term used by GE to indicate a reduced-wattage lamp with performance characteristics (life, light output, etc.) such that it can usually directly replace a higher-wattage product. Watt-Miser™ lamps are available in a wide range of incandescent and fluorescent lamp types.
Working Distance (Typical)
The Working Distance shown is the distance from the front surface of the reflector rim to the film plane, in the optical system for which the lamp was first designed. In most cases, it provides a uniform plane of light for the intended aperture.
Work Plane
Plane at which work is done and at which illumination is specified and measured; unless otherwise indicated, it is assumed to be a horizontal plane 30 inches above the floor (table-top height) having the same area as the floor.
Wavelength
The distance between two neighboring crests of a traveling wave. The wavelength of light is between 400 and 700 nanometers.
Wattage Indicator Reduced
Indicates that this is a reduced wattage option for lamps normally used in this application. Be sure to check wattage, lumens and life to determine which lamp is best suited to your needs.
Watt
A unit of electrical power. Lamps are rated in watts to indicate the rate at which they consume energy (See Kilowatt Hour).
Warm Up Time
HID lamps typically take a few minutes to warm up to full brightness after starting. (See Warm-Up Time to 90%)
Warm Up Time to 90%
The time it takes for a High Intensity Discharge lamp to reach 90% of light output after being turned on.
Voltage Surge
Transients spikes in line voltage that can be harmful to electronic equipment like computers and electronic ballasts. Surge suppressors are often used protect against such transients.
Voltage (Design)
For Automotive lamps, voltage at which the lamp is designed to provide the amperes, candlepower, and laboratory life characteristics. For Projection lamps, the voltage shown is the design voltage of the lamp, on which the life and wattage ratings are based. Lamps for which 115-120 is shown in the Volts column are designed at 118 volts. Lamps are available only in the design voltage(s) shown. When ordering lamps listed for more than one voltage, be sure to specify the voltage required. (Supply voltage variation can significantly affect lamp life.)
Voltage
A measurement of the electromotive force in an electrical circuit or device expressed in volts. Voltage can be thought of as being analogous to the pressure in a waterline.
Volt
A measure of "electrical pressure" between two points. The higher the voltage, the more current will be pushed through a resistor connected across the points. The volt specification of an incandescent lamp is the electrical "pressure" required to drive it at its designed point. The "voltage" of a ballast (e.g. 277 V) refers to the line voltage it must be connected to.
Visual Task
The task associated with seeing; objects and details that must be seen to perform an activity.
Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)
For a given lighting scheme, VCP is a ratio expressed as a percent of people who, when viewing from a specific location and in a specified direction, find the system acceptable in terms of glare . (See Glare)
Veiling Reflection
Effective reduction in contrast between task and its background caused by the reflection of light rays; sometimes called "reflected glare." You might have dealt with veiling reflections when you have to tilt a shiny magazine to avoid glare so as to read it, or struggled with reading a computer monitor because of the reflection of a window or a light fixture (See Glare).
Valance Lighting
Lighting from light sources on a wall typically above eye level, shielded by horizontal panels. The light may be upward or downward directed.
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
For practical purpose, any radiant energy with the range of about 100-380 nanometers (nm). It is beyond the blue or violet region of the spectrum and is invisible the eye just like the silent "ultrasound" dog whistle is inaudible to the ear.
UV is divided into 3 regions.
UVA 100 to 280 nm
UVB 280 to 315 nm
UVC 315 to 400 nm
Some wavelenghts (180-220) produce ozone, some (220-300) are bacterical. spme (280-320) enythermal (redden human skin) others (320-400) cause secondary liminance (black light).
UV is divided into 3 regions.
UVA 100 to 280 nm
UVB 280 to 315 nm
UVC 315 to 400 nm
Some wavelenghts (180-220) produce ozone, some (220-300) are bacterical. spme (280-320) enythermal (redden human skin) others (320-400) cause secondary liminance (black light).
Uniform Product Code (UPC)
The 12 digit code in the saleable unit that is used for scanning at the register.
Two-Pin Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Type of lamps that have the glow bottle starter built into the base of lamp. Traditionaly 2-pin lamps are designed to work with electromagnetic ballast. (See Four-Pin Compact Fluorescent Lamps)
TVSS
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors, which will protect ballast and other electronic equipment from transients high-voltage spikes that may be presents in the power line. (See Transients)
Transients
High voltage surges through an electrical system caused by lighting strikes to nearby transformers, overhead kines or the ground. May also be caused by switching of motors or compressor, as well as by short circuits or utility system switching. an lead to premature ballast failure. (See TVSS)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
A measure of the distortion caused by ballasts and other inductive loads of the input current on alternating current (AC) power systems caused by higher order harmonics of the fundamental frequency (60Hz in North America). THD is expressed in percent and may refer to individual electrical loads (such as ballast) or a total electrical circuit or system in a building. ANSI C82.77 recommends THD not exceed 32% for individual commercial electronic ballasts, although some electrical utilities may require lower THDs on some systems. Excessive THDs on electrical systems can cause efficiency losses as well as overheating and deterioration of system components.
Friday, January 13, 2012
TCLP Test
The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, specified in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1990, is used to characterize fluorescent lamp waste as hazardous or nonhazardous waste. The TCLP test measures the ability of the mercury and/or lead in a lamp to leach from a landfill into groundwater.
Terminal to Terminal Starting Lamp Voltage (VRMS) (Minimum or Maximum)
The minimum or maximum allowed voltage allowed into lamp from ballast under varying conditions as specified.
Task Lighting
Supplemental lighting provided to assist in performing a localized task, e.g. a table lamp for reading or an inspection lamp for fabric inspection.
T12, T8, T5
A designation for the diameter of a tubular bulb in eighths of an inch; T12 is 12 eighths of an inch, or 1-1/2 inches; T8 is 1 inch, and so on.
System
A term referring to the lamp and ballast combination, and sometimes to the entire lighting delivery system including the fixture, the optics, the particular layout and the lighting controls.
Sunburn
Skin reddening and inflammation caused by overexposure to sources containing UV-B and/or UV-C.
Starting Temperature (Minimum)
The minimum ambient temperature at which the lamp will start reliably.
Starcoat™
GE's special barrier coating applied on the inside of all GE T8 fluorescent lamps, a well as some other lamp types, to enhance lamp life and deliver superior lumen maintenance.
Spot
A colloquial term referring to a reflector lamp with a tight beam of light, typically around 10 degrees or less. It comes from the fact that such a lamp produces a narrow spot of light as opposed to a wide flood of light.
Specification Series Deluxe Extreme (SPXX) Colours
A colours designation for GE ceramic metal halide lamps with superior colour rendering ~ 90.
Series Lamp Operation
Refers to ballast that employ a single current path passing throught all lamps operated by the ballast. If one lamp should fail, companion lamps operated by the same ballasts will also extinguish or dim. (See Parallel Lamp Operation (Parallel Wiring))
Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)
A graph of the radiant power emitted by a light source as a function of wavelength. SPDs provide a visual profile or "finger print" of the color characteristics of the source throughout the visible part of the spectrum.
Specification Series Deluxe (SPX) Colors
Energy-efficient, all-purpose, tri- phosphor fluorescent lamp colors that provide better color rendering than Specification Series (SP) colors. The CRI for SPX colors is 80 or above and varies by specific lamp type. All GE CFL products use SPX phosphors.
Specification Series (SP) Colors
Energy-efficient, all-purpose, tri- phosphor fluorescent lamp colors that provide good color rendering. The CRI for SP colors is 70 or above and varies by specific lamp type.
Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio
Ratio of fixture spacing (distance apart) to mounting height above the work plane; sometimes called spacing criterion. It is OK to have fixture spaced closer than the spacing criterion suggested by the manufacturer but not farther, or you will get dark spots in-between fixtures.
Source Size
For Projection lamps, this is defined as the dimensions of the rectangular area, centered on the lamp axis, within which all luminous parts of the filament lie, when viewed perpendicular to the axis of the filament coil or to the plane of C-13 and C-13D filaments.
Self-Ballasted Lamps
A discharge lamp with an integral ballasting device allowing the lamp to be directly connected to a socket providing line voltage (See CFL).
Scotopic/Photopic (S/P) Ratio
This measurement accounts for the fact that of the two light sensors in the retina, rods are more sensitive to blue light (scotopic vision) and cones to yellow light (photopic vision). The scotopic/photopic (S/P) ratio is an attempt to capture the relative strengths of these two responses. S/P is calculated as the ration of scotopic lumens to photopic lumens for the light source on an ANSI reference ballast. Cooler sources (higher color temperatures lamps) tend to have higher values of the S/P ratio compared to warm sources.
Scotopic
Vision where the rods of the retina are exclusively responsible for seeing, typically like the light levels in the countryside on a moonless, starlit night (See also Photopic, Fovea, Foveal Vision, Mesopic).
Room Cavity Ratio (RCR)
A shape factor (for a room, etc.) used in lighting calculations.
RCR = 5H (L+W) / L x W, or, alternately,
RCR = (2.5) Total Wall Area / Floor Area.
Where H = height, L = length and W = width of the room.
A cubical room will have an RCR of 10; the flatter the room the lower the RCR.
RCR = 5H (L+W) / L x W, or, alternately,
RCR = (2.5) Total Wall Area / Floor Area.
Where H = height, L = length and W = width of the room.
A cubical room will have an RCR of 10; the flatter the room the lower the RCR.
RoHS
The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive aims to minimize the environmental impact od waste electrical and electronic equipment by reducing the quantities of four heavy metals and two brominated flame retardants that it may contain.
Reflector Lamp (R)
A light source with a built-in reflecting surface. Sometimes, the term is used to refer specifically to blown bulbs like the R and ER lamps; at other times, it includes all reflectorized lamps like PAR and MR.
Thursday, January 12, 2012
Rated Lamp Life
For most lamp types, rated lamp life is the length of time of a statistically large sample between first use and the point when 50% of the lamps have died. It is possible to define "useful life" of a lamp based on practical considerations involving lumen depreciation and color shift.
Rapid Start Circuit
A fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit that utilizes continuous cathode heating, while the system is energized, to start and maintain lamp light output at efficient levels. Rapid start ballasts may be either electromagnetic, electronic or of hybrid designs. Full-range fluorescent lamp dimming is only possible with rapid start systems (See Instant start, Rapid Start).
Rapid Start
Lamp starting method in which lamp filaments are heated while open circuit voltage (OCV) is applied to facilitate lamp ignition. A Rapid Start fluorescent lamp has two pins at each end connected to the filament. Some rapid start lamps may be instant-started without filament heat. (See Instant Start, Rapid Start Circuit)
Radiation
A general term for the release of energy in a "wave" or "ray" form. All light is radiant energy or radiation, as is heat, UV, microwaves, radio waves, etc.
Quartz
A name for fused silica or melted sand from which many high-temperature containers are fashioned in the lighting industry. Quartz looks like glass but can withstand the high temperatures needed to contain high intensity arc discharges.
Programmed Rapid Start
Lamp starting method which preheats the lamp filaments while not allowing the lamp to ignite and then applies the open circuit voltage (OCV) to start the lamp. The user may experience a half-to one-second delay after turning on the lamps while the preheating takes place. This type of starting circuit keeps lamp end blackening to a minimum and improves lamp life performance, especially in applications where the lamps are frequently switched on and off.
Product Code
It is important to use this five-digit code when ordering to ensure that you receive the exact product you require.
Preheat Circuit
A type of fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit used with the first commercial fluorescent lamp product. A push button or automatic switch is used to preheat the lamp cathodes to glow state. Starting the lamp can then be accomplished using simple "choke" or reactor ballasts.
Wednesday, January 11, 2012
Precise™
The GE trade name for the compact MR-16 and MR-11 low-voltage halogen dichroic "cool beam" reflectorized spot and flood lamps.
Power Factor (PF)
A measure of the phase difference between voltage and current drawn by an electrical device, such as a ballast or motor. Power factors can range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 being ideal. Power factor is sometimes expressed as a percent. Incandescent lamps have power factors close to 1.0 because they are simple "resistive" loads. The power factor of a fluorescent and HID lamp system is determined by the ballast used. "High" power factor usually means a rating of 0.9 or greater. Power companies may penalize users for using low power factor devices.
Potting
Material used to completely surround and cover components of some magnetic and electronic ballasts. Potting compound fulfills functions of protecting components, dampening sound and dissipating heat.
Photopic
Vision for which the cones in the eye are responsible; typically at high brightness and in the foveal or central region (See Scotopic, Fovea, Foveal Vision)
Phosphor
An inorganic chemical compound processed into a powder and deposited on the inner glass surface of fluorescent tubes and some mercury and metal-halide lamp bulbs. Phosphors are designed to absorb short wavelength ultraviolet radiation and to transform and emit it as visible light.
Phosphors are also used in LED devices to create white light when used in combination with LEDs of certain wavelengths.(See Fluorescence)
Phosphors are also used in LED devices to create white light when used in combination with LEDs of certain wavelengths.(See Fluorescence)
PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
Chemical pollutant formerly used in ballast capacitors that were part of ballast. It is now illegal to use PCBs and most such ballasts have been replaced over time. (See Non-PCB Capacitor)
Parallel Lamp Operation (Parallel Wiring)
Refers to ballast that employ multiple output current paths from a single ballast to allow lamps to operate independent of one another, allowing other lamps operated by the ballast to remain lit should companion lamp(s) fail. (See Series Lamp Operation)
PAR Lamp
PAR is an acronym for parabolic aluminized reflector. A PAR lamp, which may utilize either an incandescent filament, a halogen filament tube or a HID arc tube, is a precision pressed-glass reflector lamp. PAR lamps rely on both the internal reflector and prisms in the lens for control of the light beam.
Operating Voltage
For electrical discharge lamps, this is the voltage measured across the discharge when the lamp is operating. It is governed by the contents of the chamber and is somewhat independent of the ballast and other external factors.
Operating Position or Burn Position
Mercury and High Pressure Sodium lamps may be operated in any burn position and will still maintain their rated performance specifications. Metal Halide and Low Pressure Sodium lamps, however, are optimized for performance in specific burn positions, or may be restricted to certain burn positions for safety reasons.
U = Universal burning position
HBU = Horizontal -15º to Base Up
HBD = Horizontal +15º to Base Down
HOR = Horizontal ±15º
H45 = Horizontal to -45º only
VBU = Vertical Base Up ±15º
VBD = Vertical Base Down ±15º
If no special burn position is noted, the burn position is universal.
U = Universal burning position
HBU = Horizontal -15º to Base Up
HBD = Horizontal +15º to Base Down
HOR = Horizontal ±15º
H45 = Horizontal to -45º only
VBU = Vertical Base Up ±15º
VBD = Vertical Base Down ±15º
If no special burn position is noted, the burn position is universal.
Open Fixture Rated
Open Circuit Voltage measured across the socket the lamp screws into, with the ballast powered on. It is dangerous to stick a voltmeter into such a socket without precise knowledge of the ballast because exceedingly high voltages could be present.
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
Open Circuit Voltage measured across the socket the lamp screws into, with the ballast powered on. It is dangerous to stick a voltmeter into such a socket without precise knowledge of the ballast because exceedingly high voltages could be present.
Normal Power Factor
Ballast with power factor less than .90 and do not incorporate any means of Power Factor Correction.
Non-PCB Capacitor
Capacitor used in ballasts to help provide power factor correction. Contains no polychlorinated biphenyls and meets EPA requirements. (See PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls))
National Electronic Code (NEC)
A nationally accepted electrical installation code to reduce the risk of fire, developed by the National Fire Protection Association (US).
National Energy Standards for Fluorescent Ballast
A federal law enacted in 1998 that sets energy standards for ballast consistent throughout the United State.
MR-16 and MR-11
A line of low voltage compact reflector lamps used for accent and spot lighting. The 16 and 11 refer to 16 eighths of an inch diameter and 11 eighths.
Mounting Height
Distance from the bottom of the fixture to either the floor or work plane, depending on usage.
Metal Halide Lamp
A high intensity discharge light source in which the light is produced by the radiation from mercury, plus halides of metals such as sodium, scandium, indium and dysprosium. Some lamp types may also utilize phosphor coatings.
Metal Cases
Case design used in both magnetic and electronic ballast. These ballast are grounded once they are mounted to the fixture. They meet all safety codes. some of which do not allow plastic in open plenum areas.
Mercury Lamp
A high-intensity discharge light source operating at a relatively high pressure (about 1 atmosphere) and temperature in which most of the light is produced by radiation from excited mercury vapor. Phosphor coatings on some lamp types add additional light and improve color rendering.
Medium Base
Usually refers to the screw base typically used in household incandescent lamps. There is also the medium bipin base commonly used in T12 and T8 fluorescent lamps.
Mean Lumens
The average light output of a lamp over its rated life. Based on the shape of the lumen depreciation curve, for fluorescent and metal halide lamps, mean lumens are measured at 40% of rated lamp life. For mercury, high-pressure sodium and incandescent lamps, mean lumen ratings refer to lumens at 50% of rated lamp life (See Lumen Depreciation).
Maximum Overall Length (M.O.L.)
The end-to-end measurement of a lamp, expressed in inches or millimeters.
Magnetic Ballast
A ballast used with discharge lamps that consists primarily of transformer-like copper or aluminium windings on a steel or iron core. Also called "Core & Coil". (See Electronic Ballast)
Monday, January 9, 2012
Luminous Intensity
A measure of the visibility of a light source generally expressed in candelas. It is defined as luminous flux per unit solid angle (steradian) in given direction.
Luminous Efficacy
The light output (lumens) of a light source divided by the total power input (watts) to that source. It is expressed in lumens per watt (See Lumens Per Watt)
Lux (lx)
A unit of illuminance or light falling onto a surface. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Ten lux approximately equals one footcandle. (See Footcandle)
Luminance
A measure of "surface brightness" when an observer is looking in the direction of the surface. It is measured in candelas per square meter (or per square foot) and was formerly referred to as "photometric brightness."
Luminaire Efficiency
The ratio of total lumens emmited by a luminaire to those emmited by the lamps used in that luminaire. Also commonly reffered to as "Light Output Ratio" or LOR.
Luminaire
A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps), ballast (or ballasts) as required together with the parts designed to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps and connect them to the power supply. A luminaire is often referred to as a fixture.
Lumens Per Watt (LPW)
A ratio expressing the luminous efficacy of a light source.
Typical GE’s lamp
efficacies
|
|
Edison’s first lamp
|
1.4 LPW
|
Incandescent lamps
|
10-20 LPW
|
Halogen lamps
|
15-30 LPW
|
Fluorescent lamps
|
35-105 LPW
|
Mercury lamps
|
50-60 LPW
|
Metal halide lamps
|
60-120 LPW
|
High-pressure sodium lamps
|
60-140 LPW
|
Note : The values above for discharge lamps do not include the effect of the ballast. Which must be used with those lamps. Taking ballast losses into account reduces "system" or lamp ballast efficacies typically by 10-20% depending upon the type of ballast used.
Lumen Depreciation
A measure of how well a lamp maintains its light output over time. It may be expressed numerically or as a graph of light output vs. time. The "Mean Lumens" od a lamp is the lumens at 40% of rated life (50% for HPS lamp).
Lumens
A measure of the luminous flux or quantity of light emitted by a source. For example, a dinner candle provides about 12 lumens. A 60-watt Soft White incandescent lamp provides about 840 lumens.
Light Trespass (Spill Light)
Light that is not aimed properly or shielded effectively can spill out at into areas that don't want it: it can be directed towards drivers, pedestrians or neighbors. It is distracting and annoying and can sometimes be disabling.
Light Pollution
Light that is directed to areas where it is not needed, and thereby interferes with some visual act. Light pollution directed or reflected into the sky creates a "dome" of wasted light and makes it difficult to see stars above cities.
Light Loss Factor
The product of all factors that contribute to lowering the illumination level including reflector degradation, dirt, lamp depreciation over time, voltage fluctuations, etc.
Lighting Industry Federation (LIF) Code
For Showbiz/Specialty lamps, these are assigned by the Lighting Federation of London U.K. They ensure electrical and mechanical interchangeability of similarly coded lamps. LIF codes are divided into groups according to the primary application of the lamps.
Wednesday, January 4, 2012
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A solid that directly converts electrical impulses into light. Some LED's today incorporate fluorescent materials to change the color characteristics of the emitted light.
Light Center Length (L.C.L.)
The distance between the center of the filament, or arc tube, and a reference plane - usually the bottom of the lamp base. Refer to the following chart for reference plane locations.
|
Base type
|
L.C.L Reference
Plane Location
|
|
All screw bases (except
Mini-Can)
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Bottom of base
contact
|
|
Mini-Can
|
Diameter of ceramic
base insulator is .531 inches
|
|
3-Contact Medium
|
Bottom of base
contact
|
|
Mogul Medium Prefocus
|
Top of base fins
|
|
Mogul Prefocus
|
Top of base fins
|
|
Medium BiPost
|
Base end of bulb
(Glass lamps)
Bottom of ceramic
base (Quartz lamps)
|
|
Mogul BiPost
|
Shoulder of posts
(Glass lamps)
Bottom of ceramic
base (Quartz lamps)
|
|
2-Pin Prefocus
|
Bottom of ceramic
base
|
|
S.C. or D.C. Bayonet Candelabra
|
Top of base pins
|
|
Medium Bayonet
|
Top of base pins
|
|
S.C. or D.C. Prefocus
|
Plane of locating
bases on prefocus collar
|
|
Medium 2-Pin
|
Bottom of metal base
shell
|
Light
Radiant energy that can be sensed or seen by the human eye. Visible light is measured in lumens.
Lens
A transparent or semi-transparent element which controls the distribution of light by redirecting individual rays. Luminaires often have lenses in addition to reflectors.
Lamp Types
- Filament lamps: Incandescent, Halogen, Halogen-IR.
- Discharge Lamps: Fluorescent, HID (High Intensity Discharge)
- HID Lamps: Mercury, HPS (High Pressure Sodium), MH (Metal Halide) and CMH (Ceramic Metal Halide)
- LED Lamps
Lamp Description
The lamp's identification code. For Projection lamps, this is a 3-letter-number code uniquely identifying the lamp for ordering purposes. In some instances, lamps with 3-letter (ANSI) codes are offered in more than one design voltage, in which case the voltage required should also be specified when ordering. Some GE Projection Lamps have an ordering code comprising of two or more 3-letter ANSI codes - such as EM/EKS and DYS/DYV/BHC. The first code is the ANSI code, the secondary codes identify which lamp the multiple-coded lamp can directly replace. Only the first code appears on the lamp itself. Multiple-coded lamps are so-designated by General Electric for the convenience of the customer. In nearly all cases, Miniature and Sealed Beam lamps are marked with a General Electric Trade number recorded with ANSI.
Lamp
The term used to refer to the complete light source package, including the inner parts as well a the outer bulb or tube. "Lamp", of course, is also commonly used to refer to a type of small light fixture such as a table lamp.
Laminations
Layers of steel, making up the "core" that is surrounded by the coils in a core & coil ballast.
Kilowatt Hour (kWh)
The standard measure of electrical energy and the typical billing unit used by electrical utilities for electricity use. A 100-watt lamp operated for 10 hours consumes 1000 watt-hours (100 x 10) or one kilowatt-hour. If the utility charges $.10/kWh, then the electricity cost for the 10 hours of operation would be 10 cents (1 x $.10).
Kelvin
A unit of temperature starting from absolute zero, parallel to the Celsius (or Centigrade) scale. 0C is 273K.
Isolux Plot (or Isofootcandle Plot)
A line plotted to show points of equal illuminance (lux or footcandles) on a surface illuminated by a source or sources.
Intensity Bin
LEDs are often sorted according to their luminous intensity values into different groupings pr "bins".
Inverse Square Law
Formula stating that if you double the distance from the light source, the light level goes down by a factor of 4, if you triple the distance, it goes down by a factor of 9, and so on.
Instant Start Lamp
A fluorescent lamp, usually with a single pin at each end, approved to operate on instant start ballasts. The lamp is ignited by a high voltage without any filament heating.
Instant Start
Lamp starting method in which lamps are started by high voltage input with no preheating of lamp filaments. Some rapid start lamps are designed so that they may be instant started. (See Rapid Start Rapid Start Circuit).
Input Watts
The total power input to the ballast which includes lamp watts and ballast losses. The total power input to the fixture is the input watts to the ballast or ballasts and is the value to be used when calculating cost of energy and air conditioning loads.
Infrared Radiation
Electromagnetic energy radiated in the wavelength range of about 770 to 1,000,000 nanometers. Energy in this range cannot be seen by the human eye, but can be sensed as heat by the skin.
Induction Lighting
Gases can be excited directly by radio-frequency or microwaves from a coil that creates induced electromagnetic fields. This is called induction lighting and it differs from a conventional discharge, which uses electrodes to carry current into the arc. Induction lamps have no electrodes inside the chamber and generally, therefore, have longer life than standard lamps. Genura™ is an example of an induction lamp.
Indirect Lighting
The method of lighting a space by directing the light from luminaires upwards towards the ceiling. The light scattered off the ceiling produces a soft, diffuse illumination for the entire area.
Incandescent Lamp
A light source that generates light utilizing a thin filament wire (usually of tungsten) heated to white heat by an electric current passing through it.
Illuminance Meter
A device that measures the illuminance at a location calibrated either in footcandles or in lux. (Also know as a light meter - See Cosine Corrected)
Illuminance
The "density" of light (lumens/area) incident on a surface; i.e. the light level on a surface. Illuminance is measured in footcandles or lux.
I-Line
A GE designation for a family of metal halide lamps which will operate on a mercury ballast. Designed as a simple retrofit for mercury lamp.
Hot Restart Time
Time it takes for a High Intensity Discharge lamp to reach 90% of light output after going from on to off to on.
High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp
HPS lamps are high intensity discharge light sources that product light by an electrical discharge though sodium vapor operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures.
GE markets these lamps under the trade name of Lucalox™.
GE markets these lamps under the trade name of Lucalox™.
High Power Factor
A ballast whose power factor is corrected to 90% or greater by the use of a capacitor.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
A general term for mercury, metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps. HID lamps contain compact arc tubes which enclose mercury and various gases with other chemicals and operate at relatively high pressures and temperatures.
Metal halide lamps: GE ConstantColor™ CMH®, Multi-Vapor™, MXR or Arcstream™
High-pressure sodium lamps: GE Lucalox™
Metal halide lamps: GE ConstantColor™ CMH®, Multi-Vapor™, MXR or Arcstream™
High-pressure sodium lamps: GE Lucalox™
High Efficiency (Energy Saving) Electromagnetic Ballast
Ballast with core & coils, designed to minimize ballast losses compared to the "standard" ballast.
High-Bay Lighting
Lighting designed for (typically) industrial locations with a ceiling height of 25 feet and above.
Harmonic Distortion
Distortion of an AC waveform caused by multiples of the fundamental frequency (harmonics). Odd triplet harmonics (thirds, ninths, etc.) may result in large currents on the neutral line in a four-wire Wye three-phase system.
Harmonic
An integral multiple of the fundamental frequency (60 Hz) that becomes a component of the current.
Halogen-IR (HIR™) Lamp
GE designation for high-efficiency tungsten halogen lamps. HIR lamps utilize shaped filament tubes coated with numerous layers of materials that transmit light but reflect the heat (infrared) back into the filament. This reduces the power needed to keep the filament hot.
Halogen Lamp
A halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp with a filament that is surrounded by halogen gases, such as iodine or bromine. Halogen gases allow the filaments to be operated at higher temperatures and higher efficacies. The halogen participates in a tungsten transport cycle, returning tungsten to the filament and prolonging lamp life.
Monday, January 2, 2012
Group Relamping
The practice of replacing all the lamps at an installation at one time with new lamps when the lamps have operated for (typically) 65% to 70% of rated life. The two benefits of group relamping are:
- Reduced maintenance costs because of the expense and inconvenience of replacing failing lamps one at the time, and
- Improved appearance and performance since older lamps are often degrading in brightness and colour as they age.
Glare
Visual discomfort caused by excessive brightness is called discomfort glare. If task performance is affected it is called disability glare. Glare can be direct glare or indirect (reflected) glare. (See Veiling Reflections and Visual Comfort Probability).
Genura™
GE's electrodeless compact fluorescent lamp, Genura, uses induction to power the discharge. The chamber generates UV (just like a discharge in a regular fluorescent lamp) that is converted by phosphors to visible light. Because Genura uses no electrodes, the life of this unique reflector lamp is longer than typical compact fluorescent products (See Electrodeless lamps).
Full Spectrum Lighting
A marketing term, typically associated with light sources that are similar to some forms of natural daylight (5000K and above, 90+ CRI), but sometimes more broadly used for lamps that have a smooth and continuous color spectrum.
Fovea, Foveal Vision
A small region of the retina corresponding to what an observer is looking straight at. This region is populated almost entirely with cones, while the peripheral region has increasing numbers of rods. Cones have a sensitivity peaking in the yellow and corresponding to the eye response curve. (See Photopic, Scotopic, Eye Sensitivity).
Four-Pin Compact Fluorescent Lamps
A "plug-in" compact fluorescent lamp with 4 pins in the base to make electrical contact with the ballast. Four-pin lamps can be dimmed on appropriate dimming ballasts while two-pin lamps cannot.
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